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Home  ›  How To Repair D2 Receptors

How To Repair D2 Receptors

Written By Monday, April 18, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Medically reviewed by Jessica Pyhtila, PharmD, BCGP, BCPS and Ari Magill, Doctor.

Nutritionally reviewed by Diana Lee, RD.

When people reference "boosting dopamine," what they should usually hateful is really repairing or upregulating the receptors involved in the dopamine advantage pathway or "pleasance pathway." Here we examine diverse practices and supplements to repair dopamine receptors naturally.

Disclosure: Some of the links on this page are referral links. At no boosted price to you, if you choose to make a buy later on clicking through those links, I volition receive a modest commission. This allows me to continue producing high-quality, advertisement-gratis content on this site and pays for the occasional cup of coffee. I have first-hand feel with every product or service I recommend, and I recommend them because I genuinely believe they are useful, not considering of the commission I become if you decide to purchase through my links. Read more here.

In a hurry? Hither'south the list:

ane. Uridine
2. Forskolin
three. Sulbutiamine
4. Inositol
five. CDP-Choline
half dozen. ALCAR
seven. Cordyceps
eight. Meditation
9. Practice
10. Sunlight

Introduction – The Neuroscience of Habit and Dopamine

Dopamine is referred to equally the "molecule of addiction." Dopamine'due south evolutionary purpose is to motivate you to do things that increment your risk of survival and passing on your genes; it drives you to pursue potential rewards. Enquiry has shown that highly-motivated people have higher dopamine levels, and that low levels of dopamine are associated with a lack of motivation, ADHD, and anhedonia ​one–4​ . This topic is evidently closely related to motivation; I recently wrote a post on the all-time nootropics for motivation.

As an admittedly overly-simplistic, reductionistic caption of an extremely complex process, dopamine-spiking activities – gambling, porn, junk food, etc. – really pb to the desensitization and downregulation (decrease in sensitivity and number) of dopamine receptors, peculiarly those that go on dopamine levels elevated persistently, such as cocaine use. Continuing on that extreme example, this is why in the case of regular drug use (even caffeine), increasingly higher dosages are needed to achieve the same effect. Receptors become sensitized to that stimulus and you build up a tolerance. Furthermore, we know that low dopamine levels are associated with these addictive behaviors, substantially chasing the dopamine "high." ​iii,v​ If yous're reading this mail service, you're probably someone who has perhaps previously engaged in those types of behaviors that have beaten down your dopamine receptors over time.

Some people are also just born with fewer dopamine D2 receptors. In 1990, Blum et al noted a genetic connection between a specific allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and the susceptibility to develop alcoholism ​six​ . Building on that research, they found that people with this specific cistron polymorphism were more than likely to have dysfunction of the mesolimbic advantage system, yielding a hypodopaminergic state that makes them predisposed to addiction, compulsivity, and impulsivity of behavior. This condition became known every bit "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" or RDS ​seven​ . Later research discovered that carriers of this factor accept on average 30-xl% fewer dopamine D2 receptors, and that these carriers brand upwardly approximately ane/3 of the US population ​8​ .

nature trail

The habit model appears to be the same for the aforementioned activities as it is for drug use. That is, behavioral addictions share many of the same mechanisms and alterations in brain chemistry as chemical addictions ​9​ . Rats prefer sugar to cocaine ​10​ . Overeating to obesity leads to the aforementioned changes in the brain as drug addiction. When rats are given unlimited access to food, they indulge to obesity ​eleven​ . The dopaminergic system is more powerful than the opioid system; the want and desire for pleasure can be more powerful than the pleasance received. This is a subtle but important distinction. Continually engaging in these addictive behaviors also hardens their "cues" and cravings, and partially scrambles the prefrontal cortex, leading to dumb impulse control. This makes it "easier" to return to that junk food, video game, etc. over and once again in the future ​3,v,12,13​ .

I would argue that modern society lends itself to more of these dopamine spiking activities, with some of them being specifically designed to be addictive – junk food, social media, video games, binging TV shows, high-speed internet usage, etc., and then much so that we see supernormal responses to some of these things by the dopaminergic and opioid systems ​2,iii,xi,12​ . A massive amount of research in recent years suggests that these things are directly contributing to the pregnant increases in diagnoses of feet, low, Add, and ADHD beyond all age groups ​14–21​ . The evolution of our monkey brains just tin can't keep up with the advancement of technology.

Thankfully, the growth in the understanding of these neuroscientific concepts has led to people consciously choosing to avert doing these activities then ofttimes and seeking ways to mitigate the aforementioned effects in order to repair or "fix" their dopamine receptors that have been abused over time. We've seen the emergence of groups like "NoFap," in which millions of "fapstronauts" across the globe are swearing off the dopamine-spiking activities of porn, masturbation, and/or orgasm (PMO) for a period of fourth dimension. There are specific back up groups on Reddit dedicated to helping people quit their addictions to video games, gambling, smoking, and more. People are returning to nature and partaking in "dopamine fasts" where they abstain from the use of technology like cell phones and television, and even food, for 24 hours at a fourth dimension, in an endeavour to reset dopamine levels. Others are deleting their profiles on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, etc., and quitting social media birthday, citing its harmful effects on mental health and society ​14–21​ .

In this mail we'll examine methods, practices, and supplements to repair dopamine receptors naturally and aid fix the mesolimbic pleasance pathway, or at the very least help accelerate that process. Note, notwithstanding, that there'due south no magic bullet; the nigh important office of the healing process is all the same simply avoiding the addictive behavior or dopamine-spiking activity.

Whenever possible, I'm aiming for Double Wood, Jarrow, Nutricost, and NOW Foods equally vendors of choice for the supplements below. They all take a proven track record of providing the highest-quality research-backed ingredients with analytical testing. For a while now, these brands take been the antidote to the bug that take plagued the supplement industry and given it a bad reputation – label inaccuracy, questionable purity and safety, and lack of efficacy. In short, brand sure you're buying from a trusted seller and make certain you lot know what you're getting.

Supplements to Repair Dopamine Receptors

Let'south explore supplements with clinical testify of helping to repair and upregulate dopamine receptors.

Uridine

Uridine is plant naturally in the torso and, oddly enough, in beer. Uridine has evidence of modulating dopamine levels via upregulation of striatal D-2 receptors, which are known to bear on mental health. It has been shown to promote a greater sense of well-being. Anecdotal evidence exists of uridine supplementation helping overcome addictions like smoking. Information technology is oft supplemented as office of the famous "Mr. Happy Stack" – uridine, DHA/EPA (fish oil), and choline – for synaptogenesis ​22–25​ .

Uridine is typically supplemented as uridine monophosphate.

Forskolin

Forskolin is the main bioactive ingredient in the herb Coleus forskohlii. Information technology's popular for its potential fat burning effect, for which more enquiry is needed. Research suggests that forskolin may be able to potently upregulate dopamine receptors via increasing cAMP levels ​26–29​ . You can find forskolin from Nutricost on Amazon hither.

Sulbutiamine

Sulbutiamine is made upwardly of two thiamine (vitamin B1) molecules and a sulfur group. Sulbutiamine is basically a more bioavailable course of thiamine; information technology besides crosses the blood brain barrier easier than thiamine. Inquiry suggests that sulbutiamine modulates the dopaminergic, cholinergic, and gluatmatergic transmission systems and upregulates both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors ​thirty–32​ ​.

Anecdotal evidence abounds for sulbutiamine being anti-fatigue and augmenting attention, cognition, energy, and learning.

Inositol

Inositol is a natural B-vitamin (B8) involved in advice between neurotransmitters. Inositol has evidence of upregulating both serotonin and dopamine receptors ​33,34​ . Find inositol on Amazon here. Note that you may desire to become a powdered form and mix it in a beverage due to the high dosages used. Rubber usage for antidepressant furnishings has seen doses from 6g all the way upward to 18g daily. Inositol is ofttimes paired with choline, which is covered below. Women with PCOS specifically should choose an inositol supplement that contains myo-inositol ​35​ .

CDP-Choline (Citicoline)

Choline is found naturally in the body. It is the precursor to acetylcholine, and is necessary for proper brain role. Information technology is oftentimes supplemented to prevent retentivity impairment associated with aging.

Mice treated with CDP-choline at 100mg/kg daily over 7 months displayed an 11% increase in D2 dopamine receptor density. Those treated with 500mg/kg daily saw an 18% increase in D2 receptors ​36​ .

You can notice CDP-Choline (also called citicoline) from Jarrow here. Note that for some people like myself, choline supplementation may cause tension headaches. Egg yolks are high in choline if you'd rather get that road.

ALCAR (Acetyl-L-Carnitine)

ALCAR (Acetyl-L-Carnitine) is simply a more neuro-active, acetylated version of the amino acid Carnitine. While usually used as a pre-workout supplement, ALCAR has plenty of show showing its neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and neuroregenerative effects, besides equally its ameliorative effects on memory and learning in cases of cerebral harm, brain injury, or cognitive decline due to aging ​37–49​ . While almost of the things on this list primarily act on the D2 dopamine receptor, ALCAR really upregulates D1 receptors and does not touch D2 ​50​ . It as well seems to exert antidepressant effects via modulation of glutamate receptors ​51,52​ .

Cordyceps

Similarly, the Cordyceps mushroom has evidence showing it exerts antidepressant, anti-fatigue effects via upregulation of D2 dopamine receptors and enhancing the expression of the charge per unit-limiting enzyme tyrosine-hydroxylase that converts Fifty-tyrosine to L-DOPA (which is then converted to dopamine) ​53–56​ .

If you want to employ a multi-mushroom alloy, get Thrive six from Freshcap Mushrooms. I reviewed it here. If you lot but want Cordyceps, y'all tin get capsules from Double Wood here.

Meditation

At this bespeak this post might commencement sounding "woo woo" since we're talking about simple things you can practice every 24-hour interval, but don't worry, we're nevertheless seeing what the scientific research has to say. Meditation is one example where Western medicine is starting to clinically verify the claims of long-continuing beliefs or practices of Eastern medicine.

While no studies currently show specific influence of meditation on dopamine receptors, a handful of studies do bear witness a reliable increase in striatal dopamine release, increasing levels of circulating dopamine. Meditation may not provide a lasting effect on receptors per se, but it gets an honorable mention here because it may offering at least a temporary relief for symptoms of low dopamine levels like anhedonia, lack of motivation, depression energy, etc ​57–61​ . Conspicuously more research is needed in this area, as practicing meditation has grown in popularity in recent years. The same effects as well seem to apply to yoga ​62​ .

Exercise

Clinical evidence abounds for the myriad of health benefits from practice. Similar to meditation, exercise seems to attune the dopaminergic system and increase levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, merely may non specifically upregulate the receptors thereof ​63​ . These furnishings seem to exist especially pronounced in cases of drug withdrawal and addiction recovery, which is straight related to the topics discussed here. Equally such, exercise should still accept observable ameliorative effects for those suffering from depression dopamine levels, as well as in cases of Parkinson's disease, of which a main characteristic is the loss of dopamine-producing cells ​64–lxx​ .

Sunlight

Similarly, sunshine exposure seems to increase dopamine synthesis, providing ameliorative therapeutic benefits for those who suffer from seasonal melancholia disorder (Deplorable) and depression. Sunshine exposure appears to attune and heighten the dopaminergic system as a whole and was shown to increment striatal D2 and D3 dopamine receptor availability ​71–73​ . These furnishings may be secondary to blue low-cal regulating circadian rhythms, but it also appears that neurotransmitters themselves besides follow a circadian rhythm independent of calorie-free in the nucleus accumbens, a main region of the advantage excursion ​74​ . It'southward unclear if bogus bluish light devices exert these aforementioned furnishings on the dopaminergic system, though they exercise seem to have positive furnishings on the serotonergic system ​75​ .

Bonus Tips – Alleviating Symptoms, Curbing Cravings, and Feeling Better

Again, abstinence from the dopamine-spiking behavior is the most important part of the healing process. In the starting time stages of that abstinence, symptoms of low dopamine availability will exist their strongest – depressed mood, anhedonia, aloofness, etc. Many refer to this as a "flatline" period. While information technology may seem counterintuitive, I would argue information technology may be prudent to mildly boost dopamine during this time period.

People experiencing the symptoms of an dumb dopaminergic system – and a debilitated encephalon as a whole – are more likely to render to the addictive behavior. Essentially, if y'all feel good, you're more than likely to stay the form in your abstinence. Recent inquiry from Blum et al seems to agree, suggesting that at least temporary consolation of symptoms should better quality of life and decrease the likelihood of relapse. In their words: "we argue that a more prudent prototype shift should be biphasic—brusk-term blockade and long-term upregulation, enhancing functional connectivity of brain reward circuits." ​76​ Call up that Blum et al originally discovered the genetic connection to decreased dopamine receptors in the early 1990'due south and coined the term "Advantage Deficiency Syndrome" (RDS).

So how exercise we practice that? By laying foundational support for the dopaminergic arrangement and the neuroplasticity-inducing processes that are slowly repairing the pathways of the addicted brain during abstinence, and by doing what we tin can to avoid cravings.

Fish Oil

Think the aforementioned "Mr. Happy Stack" – DHA/EPA (fish oil or an equivalent), uridine, and choline – has evidence of promoting neurogenesis and synaptogenesis – the formation of new neurons and new synapses between neurons ​77​ . Fish oil – specifically EPA – also seems to have a myriad other health benefits ​78–85​ . Vegetarians and vegans may adopt algae-derived DHA and EPA; just know I accept no experience with that variation, and the inquiry has used fish oil.

Tyrosine

Fifty-Tyrosine is the amino acid precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Think of it as the raw material used to "manufacture" dopamine. Substantially, no tyrosine stores = no dopamine. L-Tyrosine converts to L-DOPA via the enzyme tyrosine-hydroxylase. Recall that Cordyceps mushroom enhances the expression of that enzyme. People who supplement with L-Tyrosine report meliorate focus and free energy levels.

If y'all're eating a high-protein diet, you may take enough already, as tyrosine is plant in high concentrations in meat, bananas, dairy, eggs, nuts, and seeds. But this makes information technology arguably more important for vegetarians and vegans to supplement.

NAC (N-Acetyl-Cysteine)

NAC is simply the prodrug of Fifty-Cysteine, an amino acid. NAC is a potent antioxidant, and is responsible for increasing glutathione in the body.

NAC may be the nearly of import tool in the arsenal here in terms of reducing cravings. It has tons of clinical evidence demonstrating its efficacy in decreasing cravings, compulsivity, and addictive behavior related to trichotillomania (hair pulling), excoriation (skin picking), smoking, gambling, cocaine, marijuana, and more, via modulating glutamate ​86–100​ . Mechanistically, it's believed that NAC may actually modify "drug-induced plasticity that underlies drug-seeking behavior." ​101​

It also happens to accept the added benefits of being hepatoprotective (attenuates damage to the liver) ​102​ . Anecdotal evidence abounds of people seeing success with NAC for curbing cravings of many kinds.

The clinically effective dosage seems to be 1200-2400mg daily.

Agmatine

Like to NAC, Agmatine, a natural byproduct of the amino acid arginine, has shown promise in reducing addictive consumption of alcohol, nicotine, methamphetamine, and opioids, via its modulation of imidazoline receptors ​103–112​ . Agmatine as well seems to possess antineurodegenerative and antidepressant properties ​113–117​ .

A Notation on Mucuna Pruriens (L-DOPA)

Many people wanting to "boost dopamine" just plow to its direct forerunner, L-DOPA, via an extract called Mucuna pruriens, also known equally velvet bean. Supplements are usually standardized for their Fifty-DOPA content. Mucuna pruriens does seem to reliably increase dopamine, but there'southward the problem. It'due south bypassing the rate-limiting footstep (tyrosine > L-DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase) and directly increasing dopamine, thereby downregulating dopamine receptors and depleting serotonin in the process over the long term ​118–122​ , which are the precise bug we're trying to prepare. L-DOPA from Mucuna pruriens volition almost certainly exert experience-skillful effects temporarily, but you'd be doing yourself a disservice.

Arguably more importantly, Fifty-DOPA and Mucuna pruriens accept been linked to mania, dyskinesia, psychosis, homicidal thoughts, and a range of other nasty side furnishings ​123–125​ . Avert it. It's not the harmless "dopamine bean" as which it'due south marketed.

Exercise, Meditation, Sunlight

Again, while exercise, meditation, and sunlight may not specifically upregulate dopamine receptors, they exercise seem to reliably boost dopamine levels, alleviate symptoms of depression, and lower cortisol, among other health benefits. A whole-food-based diet would also pair well with these efforts.

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